Nonwoven Textiles amakupatsani nsalu yomwe opanga amapanga popanda kuluka kapena kuluka. Mukuwona ulusi wopangidwa kukhala mapepala kapena ukonde, kenako kugwirizana pamodzi. Msika wa nsaluzi unafika pafupifupi USD 52.56 biliyoni mu 2023 ndipo ikukula mwachangu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kodi Zovala Zosaluka Ndi Chiyani Ndipo Zimapangidwa Bwanji
- Nsalu zosawomba ndi nsalu zapadera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ulusi wolumikiza popanda kuwomba kapena kuluka. Amapereka kusinthasintha ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira masks azachipatala mpaka zopukuta zoyeretsera.
- The kupanga nsalu zopanda nsalu kumaphatikizapo kusankha fiber, mapangidwe a intaneti, kugwirizana, ndi kumaliza. Gawo lirilonse limakhudza katundu wa nsalu, kuwapanga kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito zotayidwa komanso zokhazikika.
- Nsalu zopanda nsalu zimapereka zabwino ngati mpweya wabwino kwambiri, magwiridwe antchito, ndi kupanga zotsika mtengo. Ali zofunika pazaumoyo ndi zinthu zaukhondo, kuthandizira kukhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zobwezerezedwanso.
Kodi Nonwoven Textile ndi chiyani
Tanthauzo la Zovala Zosawoka
Pamene mukufufuza nsalu zopanda nsalu, mumapeza gulu lapadera la nsalu. Zida zimenezi sizimaluka kapena kuluka. M'malo mwake, opanga amazipanga mwa kusanjika ulusi kukhala mapepala athyathyathya kapena ukonde ndiyeno kuwalumikiza pamodzi. Mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi opangira nsalu amafotokoza za nsalu zosawomba ndi mfundo zazikuluzikuluzi:
- Msonkhano wopangidwa ndi fibrous, makamaka lathyathyathya, ndi umphumphu wapangidwe womwe umatheka kudzera munjira zakuthupi kapena zamankhwala.
- Njirayi sikuphatikiza kuluka, kuluka, kapena kupanga mapepala.
- Bungwe la Global Nonwovens Association likuwunikira zaukadaulo komanso kusakhalapo kwa njira zachikhalidwe za nsalu.
Mutha kuona kuti nsalu zopanda nsalu zimasiyana chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake komanso njira zopangira. Amapereka kusinthasintha momwe mumawagwiritsira ntchito, kuyambira masks azachipatala mpaka zopukuta zoyeretsera.
Nonwoven vs. Nsalu Zolukidwa ndi Zoluka
Mutha kudabwa kuti nsalu zosawomba zimasiyana bwanji ndi nsalu zoluka komanso zoluka. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli mu kapangidwe kawo ndi momwe mumawapangira. Gome ili m'munsimu limakuthandizani kufananiza mitundu ya nsalu iyi:
| Khalidwe | Nsalu Zosaluka | Nsalu Zolukidwa ndi Zoluka |
|---|---|---|
| Njira Yopangira | Zimango, mankhwala, kapena kugwirizana kwa matenthedwe a ulusi | Zingwe zolumikizirana kapena malupu |
| Kupuma | Mpweya wabwino kwambiri komanso kuwotcha chinyezi | Zimasiyana, nthawi zambiri samatha kupuma |
| Kusintha kwa Fiber | Zitha kupangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wachilengedwe kapena wopangidwa | Amapangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wachilengedwe kapena ulusi wopangidwa |
| Kusiyanasiyana kwa Kulemera ndi Makulidwe | Amapezeka muzolemera zosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe | Chiwerengero chochepa, nthawi zambiri yunifolomu |
| Chithandizo cha Katundu Wowonjezera | Itha kuthandizidwa ndi antimicrobial, choletsa moto, kapena kuletsa madzi | Njira zochepa zochizira |
| Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kuyenerera | Ndioyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatha kutaya komanso zogwiritsidwanso ntchito | Zolimba kwambiri, Zocheperako kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito |
Mukuwona kuti nsalu zopanda nsalu zimapereka mpweya wabwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kusinthidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zambiri. Kupanga kwawo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zambiri, kuwapangitsa kukhala ofunikira m'mafakitale ambiri.
Momwe Nsalu Zosalukidwa Zimapangidwira
Fiber Sources ndi Web Mapangidwe
Umayamba ndi kusankha fiber mukapanga nsalu zopanda nsalu. Kusankhidwa kwa ulusi kumapanga mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a chinthu chomaliza. Nthawi zambiri mumawona opanga amagwiritsa ntchito polypropylene, poliyesitala, ndi ulusi wa viscose chifukwa amapereka mphamvu, kukhazikika, ndi absorbency. Polypropylene imadziwika kuti ndi yopepuka komanso yotsika mtengo, kupanga chisankho chotchuka muukhondo mankhwala ndi ntchito zachipatala. Mumapezanso ulusi wa thonje m'zinthu zopanda nsalu monga matewera ndi zopukuta chifukwa cha absorbency ndi makhalidwe awo a hypoallergenic.. Ubweya umapereka kufewa komanso kupuma, zomwe zimawonjezera chitonthozo ndi chitetezo ku ntchito zopanda nsalu. Opanga ambiri amasankha thonje ndi ubweya chifukwa cha chilengedwe chawo komanso chitonthozo, kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa zinthu zokhazikika.
Langizo: Kukhazikika ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale. Mutha kusankha ulusi wobwezerezedwanso kapena ulusi wachilengedwe kuti muchepetse kuwononga chilengedwe ndikukwaniritsa zomwe ogula amayembekezera.
Mumakumana ndi njira zingapo zazikulu zopangira ukonde pakupanga kwa nonwoven. Njira iliyonse imapanga mawonekedwe apadera ndipo imakhudza katundu wa nsalu. Nazi njira zofala kwambiri:
- Zouma zowuma: Mumapanga maukonde kuchokera ku ulusi wamba pogwiritsa ntchito makadi kapena kuyala mpweya. Njirayi imagwira ntchito bwino pazinthu monga zopukuta ndi zotsekemera.
- Spunmelt: Mumagwiritsa ntchito ma filaments mosalekeza kudzera mu kusungunula kupota. Njirayi ndi yofala muukhondo ndi mankhwala, makamaka mukafuna nsalu zolimba komanso yunifolomu zopanda nsalu.
- Wetlaid: Mumayimitsa ulusi m'madzi, zofanana ndi kupanga mapepala. Mukuwona njira iyi m'matumba a tiyi ndi gauze wamankhwala.
- Electrospinning: Mumagwiritsa ntchito electrostatic charge kuti mupange ulusi wabwino. Njirayi imagwirizana ndi ntchito zomwe zimafuna ma submicron fibers, monga kusefera.
Njira ya spunbond-meltblown-spunbond imaphatikiza zigawo za spunbond ndi meltblown kuti apange nsalu zopanda nsalu zokhala ndi kusefera komanso mphamvu.. Mumagwiritsa ntchito polypropylene ngati zopangira zazikulu munjira iyi. Nsalu ya Spunbond yopanda nsalu imakhala yolimba komanso yofanana, pamene meltblown nonwoven amapereka apamwamba porosity ndi kupuma. Mutha kusintha mawonekedwewo posintha chiŵerengero cha zigawo za spunbond ndi meltblown, zomwe ndizofunikira pazinthu monga masks amaso ndi mikanjo yachipatala.
Kugwirizana ndi Kumaliza Njira
Mukatha kupanga fiber ukonde, muyenera kumangirira ulusi kuti mupange nsalu yolimba yosalukidwa. Mutha kusankha kuchokera kuzinthu zitatu zoyambirira njira zolumikizirana: kutentha, mankhwala, ndi makina. Njira iliyonse imakhudza kukhazikika, kapangidwe, ndi magwiridwe antchito a nonwoven.
| Njira Yogwirizanitsa | Kufotokozera | Zotsatira pa Fabric Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Thermal Bonding | Amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kusungunula ulusi wa thermoplastic, kupanga zomangira zolimba pakuziziritsa. | Kuchita bwino, nsalu yolimba koma yocheperako pazitsulo zopanda thermoplastic. |
| Kugwirizana kwa Chemical | Zimaphatikizapo zomatira kapena zomangira zomwe zimachiritsa kupanga nsalu zolumikizana. | Customizable katundu monga softness ndi absorbency, koma zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe. |
| Kugwirizana kwa Makina | Amangirira ulusi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakuthupi (kuwombera singano kapena hydroentanglement). | Zimapanga mphamvu zolimba kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe apadera. |
Nthawi zambiri mumagwiritsa ntchito matenthedwe omangira ndi ulusi wa polypropylene. Njira imeneyi imagwirizanitsa ulusi pamodzi, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yofewa komanso yolimba yopanda nsalu. Kulumikizana kwamakina, monga kubala singano, amalumikizana ndi ulusi kuti apange nsalu zolimba kwambiri mbali zonse. Hydroenanglement imagwiritsa ntchito jets zamadzi zothamanga kwambiri kuti zitseke ulusi, zomwe zimakupatsani nsalu zopanda nsalu zokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana abrasion. Kumangirira mankhwala kumadalira zomatira kapena zomangira zokomera zachilengedwe, kukulolani kuti musinthe mwamakonda kufewa ndi absorbency. Muyenera kuganizira zokhazikika posankha ma chemical bonding agents.
Zindikirani: Njira yolumikizira yomwe mumasankha imakhudza kulimba ndi magwiridwe antchito a nonwoven. Kulumikizana kwamakina kumapanga nsalu zolimba komanso zosinthika, pamene kugwirizana kwa kutentha kumapereka mphamvu komanso kufewa.
Mukangomanga ulusi, mumagwiritsa ntchito njira zomaliza kuti muwongolere zinthu za nonwoven. Mankhwalawa amawongolera maonekedwe, chitonthozo, ndi magwiridwe antchito. Njira zomaliza zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo:
| Njira Yomaliza | Kufotokozera | Zotsatira zake |
|---|---|---|
| Sanforizing | Amawongolera kuchepa pogwiritsa ntchito nthunzi yotentha. | Amachepetsa kuchepa. |
| Tentering | Imawongola ndikupaka utoto nsalu mwamakani. | Imatsimikizira ngakhale utoto komanso kuwongoka. |
| Kalendala | Amadutsa nsalu kudzera pa ma roller kuti ikhale yosalala kapena embossing. | Kuwongolera kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe. |
| Perforating | Amagwiritsa ntchito singano zotentha kupanga mabowo. | Kumawonjezera kusinthasintha ndi kufewa. |
| Kudula | Amadula nsalu kuti drape bwino. | Kumawonjezera chitonthozo ndi kusinthasintha. |
| Anti-crease kumaliza | Amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala okhazikika odana ndi crease kwenikweni. | Amachepetsa makwinya. |
| Antistats | Amachepetsa magetsi osasunthika mu ulusi wopangira. | Zimalepheretsa kumamatira ndikuwongolera kagwiridwe. |
Mukhozanso kuwonjezera mankhwala a hydrophilic kapena osagwiritsa ntchito moto kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira zinazake. Pambuyo pomaliza, mumatembenuza zosawomba kukhala zomaliza, monga ma sanitary pads, masks, kapena mikanjo yachipatala.
Mukuwona kuti kupanga nsalu zopanda nsalu kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo: kusankha fiber, mapangidwe a intaneti, kugwirizana, ndi kumaliza. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe, zopangidwa ndi anthu, kapena ulusi wobwezerezedwanso, ndipo mutha kusankha njira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe mukufuna. Polypropylene imakhalabe chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pansalu zambiri zopanda nsalu, makamaka mu njira ya spunbond-meltblown-spunbond. Muli ndi kusinthasintha kuti mupange nsalu zopanda nsalu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera kuzinthu zaukhondo kupita ku mafakitale.
Mitundu ndi Makhalidwe a Zovala Zosawoka
Mitundu ya Nsalu Zosawomba
Mukukumana ndi mitundu ingapo yayikulu ya nsalu zopanda nsalu pamsika. Mtundu uliwonse umapereka mawonekedwe apadera ndipo umagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ndi spunbond, kusungunuka, ndi zopanda singano zokhomeredwa ndi singano. Mutha kufananiza mawonekedwe awo ndikugwiritsa ntchito patebulo ili pansipa:
| Mbali | Spunbond | Zosungunuka | Nakhomeredwa Nangano |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mfundo Yopanga Zinthu | Wosungunula polima extruded mu mosalekeza filaments, kenako amamangirizidwa ku thermally. | Polima wosungunuka wochepetsedwa ndi mpweya wotentha kukhala ma microfibers, ukonde wodziphatikiza. | Ulusi wokhazikika womangidwa ndi singano zaminga. |
| Mawonekedwe Owoneka | Lathyathyathya, yosalala, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe omangika. | Opaque, yosalala, pepala ngati pepala. | Wokhuthala, wapamwamba, kumverera ngati, ndi fibrous. |
| Kumverera kwa Tactile | Zitha kukhala zolimba komanso zamapepala mpaka zofewa komanso ngati nsalu. | Zofewa kwambiri, koma ofooka ndi owonongeka mosavuta. | Zofewa, chaponji, ndi wopirira. |
| Mapeto Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito | Zaukhondo (matewera), mikanjo yachipatala, kumbuyo kwa carpet, ulimi. | Zosefera media (masks a nkhope), sorbents, kutsekereza, SMS kompositi. | Geotextiles, makapeti agalimoto, mipando padding, denga gawo lapansi. |
| Mtengo Mbiri | Nthawi zambiri zotsika mpaka zapakati, zotsika mtengo kwambiri pamlingo. | Mtengo wokwera chifukwa chaukadaulo wamafa ovuta komanso zotulutsa zochepa. | Wapakati, zosunthika mtengo kapangidwe kutengera CHIKWANGWANI ndi kulemera. |
Mukuwonanso mitundu ina monga yoyika mpweya, chonyowa-anaika, ndi hydroentangled nonwovens. Mtundu uliwonse umathandizira mapulogalamu apadera, kuchokera kuzinthu zamankhwala kupita ku zosefera zamakampani.
Kukula kwa msika wamitundu yayikulu yopanda nsalu kumawonetsa kutchuka kwawo komanso kufunikira kwawo:
| Mtundu wa Nonwoven Nsalu | Mlingo wa Kukula kwa Msika |
|---|---|
| Ukhondo | 6.0% |
| Spunbond | 6.5% |
| Zokhalitsa | 5.9% |
Mukuwona kuti spunbond ndi ukhondo nonwovens amatsogolera msika, zoyendetsedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo muzinthu zotayidwa komanso zokhazikika.
Makhalidwe Ansalu Osawoloka
Nsalu zosawomba zimaonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera akuthupi ndi makhemikolo. Mukuwona kuti opanga amapanga nsaluzi mwa njira yosavuta komanso yachangu poyerekeza ndi nsalu zachikhalidwe. Simufunika kuluka kapena kuluka zovuta, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga mwachangu komanso kutsika mtengo.
Nsalu zosawomba zimasiyana kwambiri ndi nsalu zakale chifukwa zimakhala ndi ulusi pawokha kapena ulusi wamtundu uliwonse m'malo mwa ulusi wolukana.. Izi zimabweretsa chikhalidwe cha anisotropic, kutanthauza kuti katundu wawo amatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera kulumikizana kwa ulusi ndi makonzedwe olumikizana. Kuphatikiza apo, Nsalu zosawomba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobowola komanso zolowera, zomwe zimakhudza kupuma kwawo komanso kasamalidwe ka chinyezi.
Mutha kusintha mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa ma nonwovens posankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi. Kusinthasintha uku kumakupatsani mwayi wopanga nsalu zotayira komanso zolimba. Gome ili m'munsili likuwonetsa mikhalidwe yofunika kwambiri yomwe imasiyanitsa zinthu zopanda nsalu kuchokera ku nsalu zoluka komanso zoluka:
| Khalidwe | Nsalu Zosaluka | Zovala Zachikhalidwe |
|---|---|---|
| Kupanga | Zopangidwa ndi ulusi wolunjika kapena mwachisawawa | Zopangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wolukidwa pamodzi |
| Njira Yopanga | Zosavuta, kumaphatikizapo kutentha kwakukulu kusungunuka ndi kugwirizana | Njira zovuta zoluka kapena zoluka |
| Kulemera | Wopepuka kulemera | Zovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha ulusi |
| Kupuma | Zimatengera fiber fineness ndi dongosolo | Zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa nsalu |
| Kukaniza Chinyezi | Itha kuwonjezeredwa ndi zinthu zopanda madzi | Nthawi zambiri kuchepetsa chinyezi kukana |
| Environmental Impact | Wokonda zachilengedwe, zosavuta kuwola | Zimasiyana, nthawi zambiri sakonda zachilengedwe |
Mumapeza kuti nsalu zosawomba sizimateteza chinyezi, kupuma, ndi kusinthasintha. Simufunikanso kupota kapena kuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kudula ndi kusoka. Opanga angagwiritse ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, kupititsa patsogolo kusinthasintha ndikuthandizira kupanga kosatha.
Porosity ndi kupuma kumathandiza kwambiri pakuchita kwa nsalu zopanda nsalu. Kuchuluka kwa porosity kumapangitsa mpweya kudutsa uku akusefa fumbi, zomwe zimathandizira kupuma bwino komanso kusefa bwino. Mumapindula ndi kusinthasintha komanso kusinthasintha, monga ma nonwovens amatha kupangidwa kapena kuumbidwa kukhala zovuta kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Zogwiritsa Ntchito ndi Ubwino
Mukuwona nsalu zopanda nsalu mu a osiyanasiyana ntchito. Magawo azachipatala ndi aukhondo amadalira zosaluka pazinthu monga mikanjo ya opaleshoni, drapes, zipewa, masks, ndi N95 respirators. Mumapezanso zinthu zachipatala zoyamwa ngati masiponji opangira opaleshoni, zosamalira mabala, ndi zovala. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, nonwovens amawonekera mu matewera otayika, mapadi aukhondo, ndi zopukuta zonyowa.
Mukukumana ndi nsalu zopanda nsalu zodzipatula komanso mikanjo ya opaleshoni, masks a nkhope, PPE zida, mavalidwe a chilonda, ndi zopukuta zamasamba. Ntchitozi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zinthu zopanda nsalu pazaumoyo komanso ukhondo.
Zovala zosawoloka zimapereka maubwino angapo pazinthu zotayidwa:
- Mawonekedwe osinthika osinthika amakulolani kuti musinthe ma nonwovens kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira zomwe nsalu zoluka sizingakwaniritse.
- Kupanga kotsika mtengo kumathandizira apamwamba, kupanga scalable.
- Ukhondo wokhazikika ndi chitetezo zimachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka, kupanga ma nonwovens kukhala abwino kwa chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi chakudya.
- Kuwongolera kwapamwamba kwamadzimadzi ndi kuwongolera kwamadzimadzi kumapereka kutengeka bwino kwamadzimadzi ndikusunga, zofunika kwa mankhwala monga matewera.
- Kupepuka komanso kufewa kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zopanda nsalu zikhale zofewa pakhungu, oyenera minofu ndi mikanjo opaleshoni.
- Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosiyanasiyana kumakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ma nonwovens pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zotayidwa, kuyambira zovundikira nsapato mpaka makatani achipatala.
Pazaka khumi zapitazi, mwawona kuchuluka kwa anthu ofuna nsalu zopanda nsalu, makamaka pazaumoyo, zamagalimoto, ndi mafakitale omanga. Kufunika kwa zinthu zaukhondo, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe okhazikika kumayendetsa kukula uku. Misika yomwe ikubwera yomwe ikukwera ndi ndalama zomwe zingatayike komanso kutukuka kwamatauni kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa ntchito zopanda nsalu..
Muyenera kuganizira momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira posankha nsalu zopanda nsalu. Zinthu zambiri zopanda nsalu zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira, zomwe siziwonongeka mosavuta m'chilengedwe. Zipatala ndi zipatala zimapanga zinyalala zazikulu kuchokera kuzinthu zopanda ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi, kukweza nkhawa zokhazikika. Komabe, opanga tsopano akupanga zosawoka kuti zizitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, kuthandizira chuma chozungulira komanso kuchepetsa zinyalala zotayira. Mutha kusankha zida zobwezerezedwanso kuti muchepetse kudalira zinthu zomwe simunachitepo ndikulimbikitsa machitidwe okhazikika.
Zatsopano zaposachedwa muukadaulo wa nonwoven zikuphatikiza zida zonse zamoyo, bio-based fibers, ndi njira zapamwamba zomangira. Makina opangira okha komanso opatsa mphamvu amathandizira kupanga bwino komanso kukhazikika. Mumapindula ndi kupita patsogolo kumeneku chifukwa chokhala ndi khalidwe labwino komanso udindo wolimbikitsa chilengedwe.
Nsalu zosawomba zimakhala zotsika mtengo kupanga kusiyana ndi zoluka zina, kuwapanga kukhala abwino kugwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka. Mutha kukwaniritsa ntchito zapamwamba pamtengo wotsika, makamaka kwa ntchito zazikulu.
Langizo: Mukasankha nsalu zopanda nsalu, mumatha kupeza mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi ntchito. Mutha kusankha zomwe zili zolimba, chokhazikika, ndi zogwirizana ndi zosowa zanu.
Mukuwona nsalu zopanda nsalu paliponse. Opanga amamanga ulusi kuti apange zopepuka, cholimba, ndi nsalu customizable. Nonwovens amathandizira chisamaliro chaumoyo, ukhondo, ndi kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe.
- Mumapindula ndi kukana chinyezi, kutsekereza kwamayimbidwe, ndi kusintha kwamphamvu.
- Mafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito ma nonwovens ngati masks, amapukuta, kuyika, ndi kusefera.
Kukhazikika ndi ukadaulo zimathandizira kukula kwamtsogolo kwa zinthu zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito komanso zokomera chilengedwe.
FAQ
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsalu zopanda nsalu zikhale chotchinga chothandiza pazachipatala?
Mumapeza chotchinga chothandiza pamadzi ndi particles. Nsalu zosawomba zimathandizira kukutetezani m'zipatala, makamaka panthawi yamavuto azaumoyo a covid-19.
Ndi nsalu zopanda nsalu zomwe zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku?
Mumapeza nsalu zopanda nsalu zopumira. Amalola mpweya kudutsa, zomwe zimakusungani omasuka mu masks, amapukuta, ndi zinthu zaukhondo.
Kodi nsalu zopanda nsalu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi?
Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu zopanda nsalu ngati chotchinga madzi. Opanga nthawi zambiri amawonjezera zokutira kapena mankhwala kuti athandizire kukana madzi kwa zovala zamvula ndi zophimba zoteteza.
